{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f507201c-523c-46d2-9ad6-ebf93c0c52d1",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "source": [
    "Funciones internas básicas en Python --- 15 min\n",
    "===\n",
    "\n",
    "* 15 min | Última modificación: Octubre 4, 2021 "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "45e1520b-63b6-42db-a6dd-c561b709150a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## type()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "9f33e748-f032-40d1-91e8-d4cde65fe1a2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "float"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bool"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "list"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "display(\n",
    "    type(1),\n",
    "    type(1.2),\n",
    "    type(\"hola\"),\n",
    "    type(True),\n",
    "    type([]),\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "12bd26ff-a166-4ebf-9ca4-3c00b1d49d62",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Conversión de tipos"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "d797f33a-5c35-4bd6-9d58-0933da0381ae",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "123456"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# int()\n",
    "# =============================================================================\n",
    "# Convierte un elemento a un entero\n",
    "#\n",
    "display(\n",
    "    int(1.23456),\n",
    "    int(\"123456\"),  # si el número es flotante genera un error\n",
    "    int(True),\n",
    "    int(False),\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "f8f42067-5d24-4996-abb7-335556b989d2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.23456"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# float()\n",
    "# =============================================================================\n",
    "# Convierte un elemento a un flotante\n",
    "#\n",
    "display(\n",
    "    float(1),\n",
    "    float(\"1.23456\"),\n",
    "    float(True),\n",
    "    float(False),\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "71942810-54f9-40b0-98e3-f6d893ab5374",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# bool()\n",
    "# =============================================================================\n",
    "# Convierte un elemento a un booleano\n",
    "#\n",
    "display(\n",
    "    bool(),\n",
    "    bool(1),\n",
    "    bool(1.1),\n",
    "    bool(\"True\"),\n",
    "    bool(\"False\"),\n",
    "    bool(\"Hola\"),\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "b0bb66be-dfe4-4caf-8e89-fe8b4fb79162",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'1'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'1.1'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'True'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# str()\n",
    "# =============================================================================\n",
    "# Convierte un elemento a un string\n",
    "#\n",
    "display(\n",
    "    str(1),\n",
    "    str(1.1),\n",
    "    str(True),\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0c554dab-a2fd-4464-bca2-34660977e788",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "isinstance()\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "041c5f1f-92bc-435d-9079-44d859113559",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Pregunta si el valor o la variable es del tipo\n",
    "# especificado.\n",
    "#\n",
    "float_var = 1.0\n",
    "isinstance(float_var, float)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "badec5d5-570c-4460-b876-77f669a98696",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# 1.0 no es un string\n",
    "#\n",
    "isinstance(1.0, str)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "9b3d4a81-bb6c-4b90-8cf8-28b93e5e74e9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Operador OR en isinstance\n",
    "#\n",
    "isinstance(1, (int, float))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "aebcc2d4-cb0f-4187-a3c7-26b56af1bc5e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## print()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "8d365d24-d25a-4b37-8943-25c88f752db7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola mundo cruel!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Uso básico\n",
    "#\n",
    "print(\"Hola mundo cruel!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "2c502e23-747b-474e-b62c-ced441ec4a90",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Holamundocruel!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Concatenación de caracteres\n",
    "#\n",
    "print(\"Hola\" + \"mundo\" + \"cruel!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "d20e9a13-6a50-4ade-b176-bbc625dc25dd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola mundo cruel!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Hola\", \"mundo\", \"cruel!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "da0fe5ec-64a9-411e-bfdd-feb116b3aca7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola-mundo-cruel!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Por defecto, sep = \" \"\n",
    "#\n",
    "print(\"Hola\", \"mundo\", \"cruel!\", sep=\"-\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "446a7831-94f0-4fb2-9e20-f79553fb3d92",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola\n",
      "mundo\n",
      "cruel!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# sep = retorno de carro\n",
    "#\n",
    "print(\"Hola\", \"mundo\", \"cruel!\", sep=\"\\n\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "14276d16-a37b-475c-b109-cea130aed644",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola mundo cruel!>>>"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Por defecto, end = \"\\n\"\n",
    "#\n",
    "print(\"Hola\", \"mundo\", \"cruel!\", end=\">>>\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "973c55c6-79f1-464c-b0b5-11b26cb7fc55",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola mundo cruel! 1.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "float_var = 1.0\n",
    "\n",
    "print(\"Hola mundo cruel!\", float_var)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "fa274fc1-6247-406d-980b-268a9706f9ab",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## len()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "3cc2c576-9b81-4db0-bc16-e15b2a3a56f3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "17"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Longitud de una cadena de texto\n",
    "#\n",
    "len(\"Hola mundo cruel!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "fd77cc5c-f281-4cc8-a65c-a7f983e12c81",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Los flotantes (float), los enteros (int), y los\n",
    "# booleanos (bool) no tienen longitud\n",
    "#"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ddbf1140-5fa1-4850-8225-c8b1c010a26b",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "source": [
    "## min() y max()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "780d06f5-75cc-4082-b89c-21463790ccee",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "display(\n",
    "    min(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),\n",
    "    max(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d4a27912-04d4-41c5-81a8-24441c79b31d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## abs()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "fde774e3-8921-440f-bcb1-f8bd2709286e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "display(\n",
    "    abs(-1),\n",
    "    abs(0),\n",
    "    abs(1),\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1f525fcd-2529-4b4a-ab27-5aa8460dd269",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## round()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "88acc793-9ea1-4495-a3f7-75b8b945f19c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.142"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-2"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-1"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "display(\n",
    "    round(3.141516),\n",
    "    round(3.141516, 3),\n",
    "    round(4.9),\n",
    "    round(-1.9),\n",
    "    round(-1.1),\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "25ffd351-3611-43f2-8fbf-7bf8e053c322",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## sorted()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "d6c29d5b-daa5-472b-afec-f25592668894",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['a', 'd', 'e', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'u', 'y']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Ordenamiento de una cadena de caracteres\n",
    "#\n",
    "sorted(\"aighdyeu\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "33308098-d0d9-4404-9717-69bf021fd669",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['y', 'u', 'i', 'h', 'g', 'e', 'd', 'a']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Ordenamiento inverso\n",
    "#\n",
    "sorted(\"aighdyeu\", reverse=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "1ae2aec3-8c16-496e-ad71-e4ed49dfa8e7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['A', 'E', 'Z', 'a', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'i', 'u']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Las letras mayusculas van primero que\n",
    "# las minúsculas\n",
    "#\n",
    "sorted(\"AfaidEueZ\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "68d8057e-9561-4297-a8be-ae7ee3f2b7de",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "repr()\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "3aba3e57-7cd8-44b5-8b93-fc6c59cb41b4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hola, mundo.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Impresión de una cadena de texto.\n",
    "#\n",
    "s = \"Hola, mundo.\"\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "f22f511f-de7c-4eb5-81fb-27ab9a5d5236",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hola, mundo.'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Impresión del string (no print)\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "da4c4ee9-c120-4d3c-8a75-5ca37d8e40ec",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"'Hola, mundo.'\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Representación interna como texto\n",
    "#\n",
    "repr(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "a0b67820-c667-4f16-9254-2666c7e17f04",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "El valor de \"x\" es 32.5, y el de \"y\" es 40000...\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# repr() se puede usar para obtener la represntación\n",
    "# como de string de un objeto\n",
    "#\n",
    "x = 10 * 3.25\n",
    "y = 200 * 200\n",
    "s = 'El valor de \"x\" es ' + repr(x) + ', y el de \"y\" es ' + repr(y) + \"...\"\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "370bb16a-0ad5-427a-88df-5584f8608f49",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'hola, mundo, feliz\\n'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# print() de un repr() muestra las comillas\n",
    "#\n",
    "hello = \"hola, mundo, feliz\\n\"\n",
    "hellos = repr(hello)\n",
    "print(hellos)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "1e819855-4b95-400f-a02f-c9db6758d3d7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"(32.5, 40000, ('a', 'b'))\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# La función `repr()` recibe cualquier objeto de Python\n",
    "#\n",
    "repr((x, y, (\"a\", \"b\")))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "8893f266-6fc2-4c0a-a764-c4a468f7f8d6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " 1   1    1\n",
      " 2   4    8\n",
      " 3   9   27\n",
      " 4  16   64\n",
      " 5  25  125\n",
      " 6  36  216\n",
      " 7  49  343\n",
      " 8  64  512\n",
      " 9  81  729\n",
      "10 100 1000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Formato manual usando repr()\n",
    "#\n",
    "for x in range(1, 11):\n",
    "    print(repr(x).rjust(2), repr(x * x).rjust(3), end=\" \")\n",
    "    print(repr(x * x * x).rjust(4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3d0350fc-683a-445e-bafa-28983d5d0602",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Módulos y funciones matemáticas\n",
    "---"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bb131dfd-2cff-492a-ae5a-fa7307ccfa28",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "La lista completa de funciones matemáticas se encuentra disponible [aquí](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "2b485c96-908f-4eb8-9e47-692ccb96ff86",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-0.9999999970621136"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Importa la librería math\n",
    "#\n",
    "import math\n",
    "\n",
    "#\n",
    "# Llama la función cos en la librería math\n",
    "#\n",
    "math.cos(3.141516)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "id": "0048b682-230c-4277-92ba-758c4cf62cbd",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-0.9999999970621136"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Importación usando from\n",
    "#\n",
    "from math import cos\n",
    "\n",
    "cos(3.141516)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "id": "d1172175-0e8f-4090-9e2b-fdf2f96b4c38",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.9999999999999999"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum([0.1] * 10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "id": "3ee38265-6485-4278-8399-0770f70ede51",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "math.fsum([0.1] * 10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "66f13661-7bad-424b-9974-4d11c23364b2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.141592653589793"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.718281828459045"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "inf"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#\n",
    "# Constantes definidas en los módulos\n",
    "#\n",
    "display(\n",
    "    math.pi,\n",
    "    math.e,\n",
    "    math.inf,\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "id": "6373fe55-f0ce-4f74-aa95-04f4e50812b5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'    letters :abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'  lowercase :abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'  uppercase :ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'     digits :0123456789'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'punctuation :!\"#$%&\\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\\\]^_`{|}~'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "' whitespace : \\t\\n\\r\\x0b\\x0c'"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import string\n",
    "\n",
    "display(\n",
    "    \"    letters :\" + string.ascii_letters,\n",
    "    \"  lowercase :\" + string.ascii_lowercase,\n",
    "    \"  uppercase :\" + string.ascii_uppercase,\n",
    "    \"     digits :\" + string.digits,\n",
    "    \"punctuation :\" + string.punctuation,\n",
    "    \" whitespace :\" + string.whitespace,\n",
    ")"
   ]
  }
 ],
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